Child Labour And Child Labor - 1381 Words

Throughout the world around 218 million children are exposed to child labour. It occurs in most countries such as underdeveloped places such as India, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Mexico, Pakistan and many others. Many of these children do not go to school because their families cannot provide an income that would cover the fees for an education. More than half of them are exposed to the worst forms of child labour such as working in hazardous environments, slaver and Illicit activities including drug trafficking and prostitution, as well as involvement in armed conflict. These children do not have a say in there life, many of them are often sold to pay off debt because their families cannot pay back the money that is owed. This is still a growing issue and it needs to be stopped. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . During the mid-90s, a young boy named Iqbal Masih life was tragically cut short of the early age of 13. What he brought and shared to others about his own personal life regarding child labour and the affects it had truly inspired many countries across the world. Iqbal said this â€Å"children should have pens in their hands not tools† This was a powerful and inspirational message he sent that shocked the world. Iqbal Masih was born in the poor undeveloped community of Maridke outside of Lahore (Pakistan) on 1983. His family was poor, and often went days without proper healthy food and water by spending the little money they had on various things. When Iqbal Masih was 4 years ofShow MoreRelatedChild Labour And Child Labor1142 Words   |  5 Pagescurrently and previously forced to endure child labour. Child labour affects children mentally and physically, as well as putting children at risk for abuse from employers. Child labour is an everyday task for as many as 280 million children. They work on farms, factories, and in sweatshops for extremely low fees; most have little or no education. Child labour addresses many issues and thoughts such as, dehumanization, the lack of enforcement of child labour laws which exist in most countries in theRead MoreChild Labour And Child Labor1600 Words   |  7 PagesChild Labor Issues There are children that suffer through child labor daily. Child labor is the use of children in a business or industry, usually illegal. â€Å"3 billion people around the world survive on $2.50 a day or less. And 2 billion people do not hold a bank account or have access to essential financial services† (â€Å"Living in Poverty†1). Children that are normally in labor come from a poor family that’s in need of money so badly that it comes down to selling their own children or puttingRead MoreThe Theory Of Child Labour1398 Words   |  6 PagesThe tem â€Å"Child Labour† is often defined as work that deprives children from their childhood, their potential and their dignity and that is harmful to physical and mental development. It is serious and extensive problem with many children under the age of 14 years. Children living in poorest household and in rural areas are mostly likely to be engaged in child labour. Children have worked for as long as famili es have needed all hands to pitch in. Beyond defining work as a means of survival, definingRead MoreNegative Effects Of Child Labor In Ghana1583 Words   |  7 PagesLives of little ones are destroyed, when child labor is employed. This is one of the famous slogans that shows the severity and the cruelty of child labor. Child labor refers to work that threatens children’s health and safety or deprives their right to education (Herring). Child labor is a serious global issue that the world is facing these days. According to the International Labor Organization (ILO), 215 million children worldwide between the ages of five and seventeen work under conditions thatRead MoreChild Labour And How Does It Happen?914 Words   |  4 PagesChild Labour The focus of this investigation is Child labour and recently developing child labour especially in developing countries. Child labour is when someone has power over children and they use it to their advantage such as businesses, especially when illegal or considered exploitative. It is predicted that child labour happens where there is more people. There are a lot of different types of child labour such as: Agriculture, Carpet weaving, automobile workshop, mining, stone/ marble cuttingRead MoreChild Labour : A History Essay1228 Words   |  5 PagesChild Labour in The United States Child Labour: A History America and The Industrial Revolution ‘Forms of child labor, including indentured servitude and child slavery, have existed throughout American history.’ (http://www.continuetolearn.uiowa.edu/laborctr/child_labor/about/us_history.html) During the years following the Civil War, (http://americanhistory.about.com/od/industrialrev/a/indrevoverview.htm) the American working class made an abrupt transition away from farm work and home choresRead MoreChild Labour. . The Industrial Revolution (1760 To 1840)1134 Words   |  5 PagesCHILD LABOUR The industrial revolution (1760 to 1840) was an exciting time, and while Britain and America were transforming modern society there was an incredibly high demand for labor. Children as young as 4 years old were working underpaid in factories to keep themselves and their poverty struck families alive. I will be exploring why it was that so many children were working in factories during the industrial revolution, and how they compare to the child labourers of todayRead MoreFree the Children from Child Labour1517 Words   |  7 PagesFree The Children from Child Labour: The Disadvantageous of Child Labour Two hundred million children are suffering in the world! â€Å"the world has an estimated 186 million child labourers – 5,7 million in forced and bonded labor, 1.8 million in prostitution, and 0.3 million in armed conflict† .( Basu amp; Tzannatos, 2003, p.147). In Africa, Asia and the Middle East, a huge number of children are child labourers, and most of them under 14 years old. However, they are working hard as sameRead MoreChild Labor Is Not An Effective Way For India1533 Words   |  7 Pagesreceive our goods. All around the world, child labor is one of the most widely social issues affecting the younger population, specifically, in India. For the children of India, work becomes a nightmare based on suffering and mistreatment. While children have no choice but to be independent and forced to work, it can be a big influence on the child’s education, life, health, and development. Where child labor is deeply rooted from tradition, the causes of chi ld labor are difficult and complex beliefs andRead MoreInternational Labor Standards Of Child Work906 Words   |  4 PagesINTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE International labour standards characterize child work by its outcomes; it includes work that is rationally, physically, socially or ethically perilous and destructive to children, and meddles with their educating. UNICEF characterizes child work as work that surpasses a base number of hours, contingent upon the age of a child and on the sort of work. The 18th International Conference of Labor Statisticians held at Geneva held that Child work (slated for nullification) ought

Pia Financial Analysis 2013 Year Free Essays

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International Energy Policies

Questions: 1. Summary of decisions regarding climate change and energy policy in United Nations Climate Change Conference 2015, COP 21.2. Framework of Energy Policies in the United States.3. Impact of decisions from UNFCCC Meetings Conference of Parties on the energy policy of United States.4. Key global challenges and issues faced the world oil and gas industry. Answers: Introduction The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is an international environmental treaty. It was formed to stabilize the concentrations of greenhouse gases within the environment so as to avoid unsafe interference in the climate. UNFCCC serves as the formal meeting of the Conference of Parties (COP) to consider the development while dealing with the climatic change. In 2015, the United Nations Climate Change Conference, COP 21 was held in Paris. The negotiations resulted in the adoption of the Paris Agreement, which would govern the climate change reduction measures from 2020 (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 2015). In order to support the Paris Agreement only 55 countries make at least 55 percent of the greenhouse gas emissions. The report analyzes the framework of the energy policies along with the key global challenges and issues faced by the oil as well as gas industry of United States. This report critically evaluates the impact of the Paris Agreement decisions on the energy policy of the United States. Further, recommendations are given to overcome the challenges and issues in the oil as well as gas industry. 1. Summary of decisions regarding climate change and energy policy in United Nations Climate Change Conference 2015, COP 21 The primary purpose of the Paris Agreement, based on the negotiations of the UNCCC of 2015 was to limit global warming to less than 2 degree Celsius. In addition to this, the agreement also aimed at attaining zero net anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions by the latter half of the 21st Century. The decisions that were taken in the conference regarding climate change and energy policy are the outcomes of the UNFCCC. Firstly, it takes the decision to control the rise of global temperature and maintain it below 2 degree Celsius. Secondly, it commits all the countries to report on the carbon emissions to achieve nationally determined contributions. Thirdly, it extends a mechanism in order to address loss and damage resulting in climate change, which serves as a basis for liability or compensation (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 2015). Fourthly, this agreement calls for a mechanism, which is similar to Clear Development Mechanism under the Kyoto Protocol, which en ables in reduction of carbon emission. The Paris Agreement makes the latest step in the evolution of the UN climate change with the acceptance of the Framework Convention. This agreement articulates two long-term emissions goals such as peak emissions and goal of neutrality of net greenhouse gas. Burns (2015) opined that the agreement also establishes a new method to succeed the Kyoto Protocol Clean Development Mechanism, which generates tradable emission offsets. The main objective of UNFCCC is to stabilize greenhouse gas absorptions within the atmosphere to an extent so as to reduce dangerous repercussions of climate change. At the Paris meeting, the international agreement decides to reduce the emission of carbon dioxide. It was agreed to aim for a temperature increase below 2 degree Celsius as well as aim for less than 1.5 degrees. Moreover, it proposes that the government initiates mitigation actions to lower the carbon emissions (Carbonwatch.com, 2015). 2. Framework of Energy Policies in the United States The principles discussion in the UNFCCC conference has influenced the energy policy of United States, which has direct to the Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) as well as the Kyoto Protocol. In the year 2015, the Paris Agreement consolidated the years of negotiations with an agreement along with 188 countries in order to connect the emissions of carbon dioxide. The agreement based on change in climate will emphasise the reduction of carbon emissions (Carbonwatch.com, 2015). The policy is measured to meet both the obligations as well as objectives of the Paris Agreement that have been executed at the national level (Lind et al. 2013). The ultimate goal of the energy policy of US is to seek the lowest price of the energy with the implication that the environmental consequences should not be tailored as a part of the cost. The other goal of the energy policy of US is to reduce the burning of fossil fuels and replaces the fossil fuels energy with nuclear power (Jenner and L amadrid, 2013). The main goal is to develop all the sources of energy to ascertain that they are available at reasonable prices. It is called all of the above strategy. The energy policy of US would not matter except for factor such as the supply of fossil fuel is additional than 80 percent of the worlds energy. Due to burning of fossil fuels, most of the regions of US are induced with climatic change (Miller, Richter and OLeary, 2015). The country has less time to reduce the carbon emissions in order to avoid the risk of catastrophic climate consequences. 3. Impact of decisions from UNFCCC Meetings Conference of Parties on the energy policy of United States Due to the adoption of the Paris Agreement, it gives a major impact on the energy policy of United States. In order to achieve the aim of limiting the global warming to 2 degree Celsius, US require reducing their emissions by 95 percent approximately with additional changes. The countries fulfil their commitment jointly, and it improves the competence of compliance throughout flexibility mechanism. Although the countries those are following the Kyoto Protocol, it has reduced their emissions nationally (Onat, Kucukvar and Tatari, 2015). There are three mechanisms that have been recognized to improve the financial efficiency of reductions and they are emission trading, clean development mechanism as well as joint implementation. 3.1 Emission trading It is a business sector based approach, dealing with the environmental objectives permitting the United States to diminish the emission of greenhouse gases (Jasper, 2014). It is done to increase reductions to balance the emission at another source, inside as well as outside the nation. Smyth and Narayan (2015) opined that trading happens at worldwide, intra-organization as well as domestic levels. 3.2 Clear Development Mechanism This mechanism is proposed by the developed countries to reduce the emission of carbon in developing countries. Axelrod and VanDeveer (2014) argued that the developed countries earn authorized emission reduction divisions that used beside the country's reduction obligation. This method is focused on the expansion aid as well as emission reduction. 3.3 Joint implementation One urbanized the country with emission caps work with another in a project-based method. It is done to decrease the emissions as well as share their resulting emission reduction units (Goldemberg and Guardabassi, 2015). 4. Key global challenges and issues faced the world oil and gas industry Due to Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) Production levels, the prices of oil have dropped resulting in the boom in the U.S. oil as well as other factors. The prices if oil and gas become the determining factor to understand whether the reserve is cost-effectively reasonable (Axelrod and VanDeveer, 2014). The operational cost is also a risk in oil and gas industry. The companies are struggling to retain qualified workers, as they require during the boom times. Therefore, the payroll also rises to add another cost to the entire companies (Bohringer, 2014). However, the oil and gas industries have a high capital-intensive with very few players at the time. These are key challenges that are faced by the oil as well as gas industry. Podobnik (2015) argued from the two months that the trend of extended upward pressure on the price of oil was a dominant feature of spring 2004. Additionally, production of OPEC increases, the commercial crude oil inventories have risen to the secured levels (Smyth and Narayan, 2015). The following are the key issues and challenges in the oil and gas industry: 4.1 Energy demand and supply The crude oil demand is superior to its supply. Due to economic as well as population growth, the global demand of energy has doubled in the first half of the century (Sabel and Victor, 2015). The global oil supply company will struggle to keep pace with the demand due to declining output in mature fields by 80 percent in the year 2035. 4.2 Increase the production of the liquid fuels Oil as well as gas industry faces a vital challenge of the storage of liquid fuel in this period (Anuar and Abdullah, 2016). The American Petroleum Institute points towards the fact that the production of oil sand limits in 2014 due to a scarcity of pipelines leading from the refineries towards the market. The rising demand of the oil as well as gas can meet by expanding the fuel mix with the hi-tech technologies. It is only achieved by increasing the contribution of the bio fuels. As the bio fuels are highly beneficial so they are compatible with the existing infrastructures of the organization. 4.3 Fluctuate crude prices Due to political stability as well as efforts in different regions of the world, it leads to fluctuation in the price of fuel. The issues that lead to fluctuation of crude oils are slow approval of new capital projects and acquisition of the activity (Westphal, 2016). It is required to maintain an effective operation to maintain the margin in the environment. In order to overcome with this challenge, the oil as well as gas industry should atomize the drilling mechanism as well as robotic technology. 4.4 Cost of services The increase in the cost of services is a vital disruption for oil as well as gas industry. This increased cost cuts the value chains from exploration to the production and refining (Brook and Bradshaw, 2015). It results in a higher price of a commodity as well as it is driven the industry action to point the service industry lacks the capacity in order to respond. Both the server as well as desktop virtualization manages the cost of the services. Recommendations The following are the recommendations to overcome the key global issues and challenges of the world gas and oil industry: Implementation of Energy Efficiency Strategies: The administration of the United States ought to keep up their ways towards secure sustainable energy system by supporting the execution of energy efficiency strategies with an emphasis on transport and also building segments. Completion of Quadrennial Energy Audit: Completing the procedure lead to the quadrennial energy audit and, in addition, it is required to re-set up a stable and vital coordinated standpoint for the energy sector. Providing Bio-fuels: The rising demand of the oil and gas expands the transportation fuel mix with the hi-tech technologies. It is attained by raising the contribution of the bio-fuels. This is extremely beneficial as it is compatible with the existing infrastructures. Assertion of Robotic Drilling System: The oil and gas industries should assert use of new Robotic Drilling System, which establishes a raised security and is a cost-effective preparation for drilling activities both offshore, and on the land. Implementation of Modern Supply Chain Management Technology: Supply chain modern technology should be utilized by the oil and gas industry so that the system can access the computational web servers with superior speed to access the data. It allows the administrators to handle the improved supply of crude oil. This supply system optimizes the possible advantages of the collaboration among the oil and gas industry as well as its vendor organizations. Conclusion It is concluded that from the past two decades, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) meetings which were held at the Paris in 2015 aimed to find the solution for the impact of global warming which refers to change in climate. The Paris agreement establishes a new method to succeed the Kyoto Protocol Clean Development Mechanism, which generates tradable emission offsets. However, technologies, as well as collaboration, are the key factors to upstream the reserves growth. Regarding the change in advanced technology and environmental threats, the industries are also changing so rapidly. Even from the internal as well as external critics, it is seen that United States is locked in their national-level energy policy. However, the decisions, which are taken in the agreements, give a high impact on the energy policy of the oil and gas industry. References Anuar, M.R. and Abdullah, A.Z. (2016). Challenges in biodiesel industry with regards to feedstock, environmental, social and sustainability issues: A critical review.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,58, pp.208-223. Axelrod, R.S. and VanDeveer, S.D. eds. (2014).The Global Environment: Institutions, Law, and Policy: Institutions, Law, and Policy. CQ Press. Bohringer, C. (2014). Two decades of European climate policy: A critical appraisal.Review of Environmental Economics and Policy,8(1), pp.1-17. Available at: https://www.car.chula.ac.th/curef-db/Hot_Articles/BE_Feb57.pdf [Accessed 30 Mar. 2016]. Brook, B.W. and Bradshaw, C.J. (2015). Key role for nuclear energy in global biodiversity conservation.Conservation Biology,29(3), pp.702-712. Available at: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cobi.12433/full [Accessed 30 Mar. 2016]. Burns, W.C. (2016). Loss and Damage and the 21st Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.Available at SSRN 2710086. 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Routledge. Miller, C.A., Richter, J. and OLeary, J. (2015). Socio-energy systems design: a policy framework for energy transitions.Energy Research Social Science,6, pp.29-40. Onat, N.C., Kucukvar, M. and Tatari, O. (2015). Conventional, hybrid, plug-in hybrid or electric vehicles? State-based comparative carbon and energy footprint analysis in the United States.Applied Energy,150, pp.36-49. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Nuri_Onat/publication/275100213_Conventional_hybrid_plug-in_hybrid_or_electric_vehicles_State-based_comparative_carbon_and_energy_footprint_analysis_in_the_United_States/links/5532ee3b0cf2f2a588b0566a.pdf [Accessed 30 Mar. 2016]. Podobnik, B. (2015). Global energy inequalities: exploring the long-term implications.journal of world-systems research,8(2), pp.252-274. Available at: https://jwsr.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/jwsr/article/viewFile/270/282 [Accessed 30 Mar. 2016]. Sabel, C.F. and Victor, D.G. (2015). Governing global problems under uncertainty: making bottom-up climate policy work.Climatic Change, pp.1-13. Available at: https://www3.law.columbia.edu/sabel/papers/Sabel%20and%20Victor%20Climatic%20Change%20MAY%2027.pdf [Accessed 30 Mar. 2016]. Smyth, R. and Narayan, P.K. (2015). Applied econometrics and implications for energy economics research.Energy Economics,50, pp.351-358. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Russell_Smyth/publication/264981475_Applied_Econometrics_and_Implications_for_Energy_Economics_Research/links/55d8cf2f08aed6a199a88d6b.pdf [Accessed 30 Mar. 2016]. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, (2015).United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. [online] Available at: https://www.wmo.int/pages/themes/climate/international_unfccc.php [Accessed 1 Apr. 2016]. Westphal, K. (2016). International Energy Governance Revisited: Fragmented Landscapes, Diverging Dilemmas, and Emerging (Dis) Orders.Challenges of European External Energy Governance with Emerging Powers, p.289.